If USB Debugging is not enabled, you can still bypass the lock by installing a custom recovery (such as TWRP or CWM) which will allow USB debugging in recovery mode automatically. However, unlocking bootloader might initiate a wipe of the /data partition, but there are also ways to install custom recovery bypassing a wipe (a lot of info can be gained from xda-developers forum).
And given android's flash infrastructure, even if info is wiped, you can always recover it by dumping the physical partition after bypassing the lock (of course this might not be adequate if it's an official investigation).
Good luck!
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